Biography OF CHARLES DARWIN
From February 1809 – 19 April 1882 He was an English naturalist and geologist best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. Darwin published a theory of evolution in his 1859 book, overcoming his scientific rejection of earlier concepts. Charles sailed to the Galapagos islands to test his theory. He was puzzled by geological distribution of fossils and wildlife that he collected on the voyage. The diversity on the same type of birds, but different sizes and differences of beaks. Charles realized that he couldn't have done his theory without the scientists before him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
Biography of erasmus Darwin
From 1731 – 18 April 1802, he was an English physician. He included a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. Erasmus Darwin believed that organisms evolved over time including man, but didn't know now. He did not have a widely spread of ideas. His grandson is Charles Darwin, and Francis Galton.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin
Biography of Alfred Russel wallace
8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection.This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in on the origin of species. Wallace sailed to South America and formulated the same theory as D, but unfortunately his boat sank in the ocean with all this evidence of the theory. In that happening Wallace came back with his theory and unable to be proven, nobody believed him. Wallace then presented his theory with Darwin because Darwin had the evidence. Alfred Russel Wallace cam up with 2 ideas. 1)Evolution "Descent with Modification" and 2) The mechanism of evolution. = natural selection. Darwin and Wallace's theory is Gradualism. Wallace was strongly attracted to his unconventional ideas like evolution. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck, was a french naturalist. He was a soldier,biologist, and academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. Lamarck proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics, "theory of use-disuse". Lamarck's contribution to evolution theory consisted of the first truly cohesive theory of evolution. He proposed a mechanism for evolution, even though he was "wrong, he really changed people long held idea's. The new discovery of " jumping genes" provides evidence for Lamarck's theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck
Theory or evolution
Darwin has composed a theory of evolution, Descent with modification of Natural Selection.
Decent with Modification- Although his voyage ended in 1836, he did not publish his theory until 1859.He published the " origin of species". more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to different rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable. With decent with modification, more offspring produces can possibly survive. From this overabundance, there is "struggles to survive" among offspring. In every population, there are variation of traits. Those offspring with variations that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive.Those offspring who survive will mate with others who possess the favorable trait and this trait will be passed on to future generations (Natural Selection). The problems with the theory is that Darwin couldn't explain how variations could appear in populations. The answer was in Gregor Mendel's work on pea genetics. Another problem was Darwin also couldn't show a single example of evolution occurring today, i.e. evolution in progress. He missed a good example right under his nose: the peppered Moths of the Manchester Forest.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#cite_note-Lewontin70-4
Decent with Modification- Although his voyage ended in 1836, he did not publish his theory until 1859.He published the " origin of species". more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, 2) traits vary among individuals, leading to different rates of survival and reproduction, and 3) trait differences are heritable. With decent with modification, more offspring produces can possibly survive. From this overabundance, there is "struggles to survive" among offspring. In every population, there are variation of traits. Those offspring with variations that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive.Those offspring who survive will mate with others who possess the favorable trait and this trait will be passed on to future generations (Natural Selection). The problems with the theory is that Darwin couldn't explain how variations could appear in populations. The answer was in Gregor Mendel's work on pea genetics. Another problem was Darwin also couldn't show a single example of evolution occurring today, i.e. evolution in progress. He missed a good example right under his nose: the peppered Moths of the Manchester Forest.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#cite_note-Lewontin70-4
Micro & Macro Evolution
Micro- Evolution: micro-evolution means the change in one species. Micro-evolution is simply a change in gene frequency within a population.
Evolution at this scale can be observed over short periods of time. This change is due to four different processes: Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow .Typically, observable instances of evolution are examples of micro-evolution; for
example, bacterial strains that have antibiotic resistance. With micro- evolution we know that animals and living things area always changing and adapting to the environment. What i mean by this is for example if you take 2 dogs, that are different breeds and mate them, that would be another example of micro-evolution. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microevolution
Macro-Evolution: macro-evolution is the change from one species to another. AKA, speciation. Speciation is the making of new species. We know that Macro-Evolution is still happening because of the two types of evolution occurring . Divergent Evolution and Convergent evolution. Divergent evolution occurs when small fragments of a population inhabit and become isolated, evolving a new habitat. The common ancestor's is the same so DNA is similar, example is the Galapagos Finches. Convergent Evolution occurs when two unrelated species begin to inhabit the same environment and adapt, so will display similar characteristics. There is no common so DNA is not related. an Example would be the bills ducks and platypus' have. Macro-evolution is evolution on a grand scale — what we see when we look at the over-arching history of life: stability, change, lineages arising, and extinction. Eldridge and Gould composed that "less fit but survivable" members of a population would be pushed to less desirable extremes of the species habitat. He called this theory the Punctuated-Equilibrium. Punctuated equilibrium is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroevolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroevolution
evidence of evolution
The evidence for evolution has primarily come from four sources:
1. the fossil record of change in earlier species
2. comparative anatomy
3. comparative embryology
4. molecular evidence
The Fossil Record
The fossil record also provides abundant evidence that the complex animals and plants of today were preceded by earlier simple ones. In addition, it shows that multicelled organisms evolved only after the first single-celled ones. This fits the predictions of evolutionary theory. Remains of animals and plants found in sedimentary rock deposits give us an indisputable record of past changes through vast periods of time. The evidence also shows that what have appeared to be gaps in the fossil record are due to incomplete data collection. Fossils are preserved remains in the past. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy
1. the fossil record of change in earlier species
2. comparative anatomy
3. comparative embryology
4. molecular evidence
The Fossil Record
The fossil record also provides abundant evidence that the complex animals and plants of today were preceded by earlier simple ones. In addition, it shows that multicelled organisms evolved only after the first single-celled ones. This fits the predictions of evolutionary theory. Remains of animals and plants found in sedimentary rock deposits give us an indisputable record of past changes through vast periods of time. The evidence also shows that what have appeared to be gaps in the fossil record are due to incomplete data collection. Fossils are preserved remains in the past. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy
Comparative anatomy
Comparing homologous structures of species alive today. Can be any homologous organs, not just bones. is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy
Comparing homologous structures of species alive today. Can be any homologous organs, not just bones. is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). Two major concepts of comparative anatomy are:
- Homologous structures - structures (body parts/anatomy) which are similar in different species because the species have common characteristics. They may or may not perform the same function. An example is the forelimb structure shared by cats and whales.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_anatomy
Comparative embryology
is the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species.
A growing embryo, expresses the most basic and primitive genes first - easier to see relationships.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_embryology
is the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryos of different species.
A growing embryo, expresses the most basic and primitive genes first - easier to see relationships.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_embryology
Molecular Evidence
This method examines the gene itself or it’s product, a protein. This new method is lab intensive but provides some of the most convincing evidence for evolutionary relationships. We will examine two applications of this:
1. Amino acid sequences
Inheritable mutations occur in any population at the same rate. The longer the two populations are isolated, the greater their difference will become. Differences in amino acid sequences act as a "molecular clock" to approximate how long the gene pools have been separated.
2. DNA Comparisons
Members of the same species have virtually identical DNA .Interbreeding species distribute any mutations that occur quickly through the gene pool. Isolated species collect their own random mutations which become subject to different environmental pressures.
This method examines the gene itself or it’s product, a protein. This new method is lab intensive but provides some of the most convincing evidence for evolutionary relationships. We will examine two applications of this:
1. Amino acid sequences
Inheritable mutations occur in any population at the same rate. The longer the two populations are isolated, the greater their difference will become. Differences in amino acid sequences act as a "molecular clock" to approximate how long the gene pools have been separated.
2. DNA Comparisons
Members of the same species have virtually identical DNA .Interbreeding species distribute any mutations that occur quickly through the gene pool. Isolated species collect their own random mutations which become subject to different environmental pressures.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuZTqLW_MN4 - video of evolution.
Game on Charles Darwin and his theory. http://www.sciencechannel.com/games-and-interactives/charles-darwin-game.htm
Game on Charles Darwin and his theory. http://www.sciencechannel.com/games-and-interactives/charles-darwin-game.htm